Module 6

2) What was distinctive about the end of Europe’s African and Asian empires compared to other cases of imperial disintegration?

 -The end of Europe's African and Asian empires was associated with the mobilization of the masses around Nationalism, and they generated a plethora of nation-states. Never before had the end of empire been so closely associated with the mobilization of entire societies
around a nationalist ideology. Nor had earlier cases of imperial decline generated so many new nation-states, each claiming an equal place in a world of nation-states. All new nation states claimed an equal place in a world of nation states. Distinctive things that brought African and Asian empires to and end was the rise of other states and World War I and II.

 5) How did India’s nationalist movement change over time?

 1) 1885: India's modern nationalist movement began with the establishment of the Indian National Congress.
-The INC was made up of primarily of English-educated Indians from high-caste Hindu families. The INC was mostly urban and had very moderate demands. They did not seek to overthrow British rule but rather sought more inclusive participation in the existing structure.
-Because of their largely elite membership, the INC failed to attract peasants to its cause.
2) 1893: Mohandas Gandhi, an English-educated Indian lawyer from the Vaisya (business) caste, accepted a position working for an Indian firm in South Africa, there he experienced overt racism for the first time.
3) 1914 Gandhi returned to India and rose through the ranks of the INC. He developed a philosophy of nonviolent political action.
4) 1917: British attacks on the Islamic Ottoman Empire upset Muslims in India.
5) 1918:Millions of Indians died in the influenza epidemic following the war further causing social unrest.
6) 1919 (After World War I): the nationalist movement became more aggressive toward British rule.
7) 1919 and after: A series of repressive actions by the British, in particular the killing of 400 people who had been prohibited from celebrating a Hindu festival in the city of Amritsar, strengthened Indian opposition toward the British.
8) 1920s and 1930s: Gandhi organized mass campaigns to gain support from all Indians, not just elites but peasants and the urban poor and including both Hindus and Muslims.
-His support of Muslims was a particularly important shift in the nationalist movement.
-Although radical, Gandhi did not seek social revolution but moral transformation. He worked to raise the status of untouchables.
-He also critiqued modernization and sought an India of harmonious, autonomous villages based on the traditional Indian principles of duty and morality.
-Others rejected this approach, including his comrade, Jawaharlal Nehru who embraced science and
industry as the keys to India's future. Militant Hindus rejected his acceptance of Muslims.
9) 1930: The Muslim League called for a separate nation in Pakistan for India's Muslims.
10) 1947: When India achieved independence in 1947, it was as two separate countries—Pakistan and India

 10) How did South Africa’s struggle against white domination change over time?

 Beginning:
-Educated Africans in ANC didn't try to overthrow existing order
-ANC appealed to the liberal, Christian values the white society claimed
Middle
-for four decades the ANC used peaceful protest. It was ineffective
-A younger generation of the ANC leadership broadened its base and launched nonviolent disobedience in the 1950s 
End
-After ban of the ANC in the 1960s, underground nationalist leaders turned to armed struggle 
-In 1970s and 80s protests broke out in segre

Comments

  1. Ana’s BlogApril 16, 2020 at 12:18 AM

    Really enjoyed reading your blog! Thanks for all the info it helped.

    ReplyDelete
  2. crystalApril 19, 2020 at 10:53 PM

    Thanks for listing everything out!! It made it so much easier for me to read and understand :)

    ReplyDelete

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